Metodologia e fontes
Como decidimos o que citar e como contamos o que cada fonte sustenta.
O que conta como fonte
- Centros de aprendizagem e páginas de universidades e bibliotecas.
- Artigos científicos em acesso aberto, de revistas ou das páginas dos próprios autores.
- Publicações dos criadores dos métodos, quando o assunto é o método (por exemplo, a página oficial de uma prática).
- Obras de referência e arquivos institucionais.
Não usamos a Wikipédia como fonte nem como citação, nem blogs de produtividade, nem páginas que vendem curso ou ganham comissão.
Como conferimos
- Só citamos o que foi aberto e lido. Cada fonte traz a data da consulta.
- A página precisa existir e sustentar o que o artigo diz. Se não sustenta, o trecho sai.
- Um script testa os links das fontes. Link que não abre é revisado e, se não houver substituto, removido.
- Livros só entram quando uma página de editora, biblioteca ou catálogo confirma autor, título e ano.
Como lemos a evidência
Nem toda afirmação pesa igual. Nos artigos, separamos o que vem de experimento controlado, de revisão de pesquisas, de observação, de prática profissional comum e de opinião do criador de um método. Quando um estudo famoso teve réplicas com resultados diferentes, dizemos. Quando os participantes eram estudantes universitários em laboratório, dizemos que a conclusão pode não valer para outro público.
| Tipo de base | Como tratamos no texto |
|---|---|
| Revisão de várias pesquisas | Indicamos o que a revisão concluiu e as condições em que valeu. |
| Experimento isolado | Contamos o que foi medido e avisamos que um estudo só não encerra a questão. |
| Prática comum ou guia de instituição | Apresentamos como boa prática, sem dizer que foi comprovada. |
| Texto do criador de um método | Usamos para descrever o método, não para provar que ele funciona. |
Atribuição e originalidade
Cada método ou conceito é creditado a quem o criou ou popularizou. Explicamos com palavras próprias, sem copiar texto, estrutura ou exemplos de livros e cursos protegidos, e sem sugerir parceria. Os exemplos de notas dos artigos são nossos.
Imagens e fontes de texto
As ilustrações do site são desenhos próprios em SVG. As fontes de letra (Caveat e Source Sans 3) são abertas e ficam hospedadas no próprio site. Créditos e licenças estão em Aviso legal.
Fontes citadas nos artigos
Todas as fontes dos 45 artigos publicados, reunidas em ordem alfabética. A mesma fonte pode apoiar mais de um artigo.
Abrir a lista (182 fontes)
- "Stuff Goes into the Computer and Doesn't Come Out": A Cross-tool Study of Personal Information Management. Richard Boardman e M. Angela Sasse, CHI 2004
- 19. Committee Minutes: Guidance for Note-Taking and Writing (Committee Handbook). Loughborough University
- A beginner's guide to note-taking. Min Huang, Current Students, University of Waterloo
- A Randomized Controlled Trial of Interleaved Mathematics Practice. Doug Rohrer, Robert F. Dedrick, Marissa K. Hartwig e Chi-Ngai Cheung, 2019
- A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. Alex B. Haynes e colegas (Safe Surgery Saves Lives Study Group), The New England Journal of Medicine, 2009 (registro do artigo no Europe PMC)
- About. Bullet Journal (bulletjournal.com)
- Active Studying. Vanderbilt University
- All Study Strategies Not Created Equal, According to Kent State Researchers. Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 2013
- Annotating Texts. The Learning Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Architectural Decision Record Framework. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology e Government Digital Service (GOV.UK), 2025
- Architectural Decision Records (ADRs). Organização adr, GitHub
- Architecture Decision Record. Martin Fowler
- As We May Think. Vannevar Bush, The Atlantic Monthly, 1945 (cópia em página de curso da Simon Fraser University)
- As We May Think. Vannevar Bush, The Atlantic Monthly, 1945 (cópia hospedada pelo MIT)
- As We May Think. Vannevar Bush, The Atlantic Monthly, julho de 1945 (cópia hospedada pelo MIT)
- Benefits of prompting students to generate summaries during pauses in segmented multimedia lessons. Yanqing Wang, Fuxing Wang, Richard E. Mayer, Xiangen Hu e Shaoying Gong, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2023
- Carta para a Preservação do Patrimônio Arquivístico Digital. Conselho Nacional de Arquivos (Conarq), 2004 (publicada em 2005 com apoio da Unesco)
- Cataloging Tools and Resources: Subject Headings. American Library Association
- Concept Mapping. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- Consider It Done! Plan Making Can Eliminate the Cognitive Effects of Unfulfilled Goals. E. J. Masicampo e Roy F. Baumeister, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011
- Crib Sheets and Exam Performance in a Data Structures Course. Sally Hamouda e Clifford A. Shaffer, manuscrito de 2015
- Data & project organization. University of Arizona Libraries
- Data Backup Options. Paul Ruggiero e Matthew A. Heckathorn, Carnegie Mellon University, produzido para o US-CERT, 2012
- Date and Time Formats. Misha Wolf e Charles Wicksteed, W3C Note, 1998
- Design Notebook (slides). Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna, Texas A&M University, 2013
- Die Digitalisierung des Zettelkastens Niklas Luhmanns (apresentação). Johannes Schmidt, Martina Gödel e Sebastian Zimmer, 2018
- Digital Preservation Guidance Note 1: Selecting File Formats for Long-Term Preservation. Adrian Brown, The National Archives (Reino Unido), 2008
- Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis. Nicholas J. Cepeda, Harold Pashler, Edward Vul, John T. Wixted e Doug Rohrer, 2006
- Do learners make more pauses in instructional videos when taking notes? Mathieu Pinelli e Salomé Cojean, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 46, 2024
- Documenting Architecture Decisions. Michael Nygard, Cognitect, 2011
- Effective Note-Taking in Class. The Learning Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Effective Study. Francis P. Robinson, Harper & Brothers, 1946 (cópia digitalizada no Internet Archive)
- Eliciting Self-Explanations Improves Understanding. Michelene T. H. Chi, Nicholas de Leeuw, Mei-Hung Chiu e Christian LaVancher, 1994
- Email Overload: Exploring Personal Information Management of Email. Steve Whittaker e Candace Sidner, CHI 1996 (versão em HTML)
- Evan Risko on how technology affects the way we think. Departamento de Psicologia, University of Waterloo
- Exploring the "Planning Fallacy": Why People Underestimate Their Task Completion Times. Roger Buehler, Dale Griffin e Michael Ross, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 1994
- Feynman Technique. Study & revision: a practical guide, University of York Library
- Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun (trecho do livro de 1996, com relato de David L. Goodstein). Engineering & Science, California Institute of Technology
- Fichamento e Resenha: o que é. Material de apoio do curso de Arqueologia da FURG (autoria Alex Martire)
- File formats and standards. Digital Preservation Coalition, Digital Preservation Handbook
- Five-Day Study Plan. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- Flash cards. Dennis Learning Center, The Ohio State University
- Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity. David Allen, Penguin Books, 2015 (página do livro na editora)
- Gibbs' Reflective Cycle. Reflectors' Toolkit, University of Edinburgh
- Graphic Organizers. Study Lab, University of Pittsburgh
- Graphical Note-Making and Mapping for Research: An Online Guide. University of Edinburgh
- Guia de normalização para elaboração de citações da Universidade Federal do Ceará. UFC, Biblioteca Universitária, Comissão de Normalização, 2025
- Guidance for servicing meetings. University of York
- Guide for Keeping Laboratory Records (Do's and Don'ts). Technology Transfer Center, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
- Guidelines for Creating a Study Schedule. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- Guidelines for maintaining your lab notebook. MIT OpenCourseWare, curso 20.109 (Laboratory Fundamentals in Biological Engineering), primavera de 2010
- Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom. F. R. Van der Weel e Audrey L. H. Van der Meer, Frontiers in Psychology, 2024
- How is a Next Action List Different from a To Do List? David Allen, gettingthingsdone.com, 2011
- How People Manage Knowledge in their "Second Brains": A Case Study with Industry Researchers Using Obsidian. Juliana Jansen Ferreira, Vinícius Segura, Joana Gabriela Souza e João Henrique Gallas Brasil, 2025 (pré-publicação)
- How to Bullet Journal. Bullet Journal (bulletjournal.com, site oficial do método)
- How to Mark a Book. Mortimer J. Adler (ensaio de 1941), reproduzido em The Great Ideas Online, n. 837, Center for the Study of The Great Ideas, 2015
- How to Outline. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL), Purdue University
- How to Take Smart Notes: One Simple Technique to Boost Writing, Learning and Thinking. Sönke Ahrens, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017 (registro do Open Library)
- How to Write a Daily Log. Bullet Journal (bulletjournal.com)
- How-To Help Students Take Better Notes. Christopher Heard, Center for Teaching Excellence, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, 2018
- I Got a Book Deal for Building a Second Brain! Tiago Forte, Forte Labs, 2020
- Identification of Cognitive Activities That Underlie Variations in Lecture Note-Taking. Mengsi Liu e Yuri Uesaka, Frontiers in Education, 2022
- Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes. Peter M. Gollwitzer e Paschal Sheeran, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 2006 (registro com resumo, Universität Konstanz)
- Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans. Peter M. Gollwitzer, American Psychologist, 54(7), 1999
- Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology. John Dunlosky, Katherine A. Rawson, Elizabeth J. Marsh, Mitchell J. Nathan e Daniel T. Willingham, 2013
- Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques. John Dunlosky, Katherine A. Rawson, Elizabeth J. Marsh, Mitchell J. Nathan e Daniel T. Willingham, 2013
- In what ways can we form useful relationships between notes? Nick Milo, Linking Your Thinking, 2024
- Indexing Guidelines. University of Georgia Press
- Individual Differences in Notetaking, Summarization, and Learning from Lectures. Allyson F. Hadwin, John R. Kirby e Rosamund A. Woodhouse, 1999
- Instrução Técnica AN Digital nº 01/2016: Entrada de documentos arquivísticos digitais no Arquivo Nacional. Arquivo Nacional, 2016
- Interleaved Practice Improves Mathematics Learning. Doug Rohrer, Robert F. Dedrick e Sandra Stershic, 2015 (cópia hospedada em gwern.net)
- Interrogating Texts: Six Reading Habits to Develop in Your First Year at Harvard. Susan Gilroy, Harvard Library
- Lab Notebook Procedure. University of Texas at Arlington, Regulatory Services
- Laboratory Notebooks: Best Principles and Best Standards. University of South Alabama, 2016
- Laboratory Notebooks. Reed College, Writing Across Disciplines
- Laptop Versus Longhand Note Taking: Effects on Lecture Notes and Achievement. Linlin Luo, Kenneth A. Kiewra, Abraham E. Flanigan e Markeya S. Peteranetz, Instructional Science, 2018
- Learning and Note Taking. Carola, blog Bulletjournalist, bulletjournal.com, 2021
- Learning by Teaching. Logan Fiorella, em In Their Own Words, Division 2 da American Psychological Association, 2023
- Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"? Nate Kornell e Robert A. Bjork, 2008
- Learning from videos and recorded lectures. Academic Success Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2023
- Learning With Concept and Knowledge Maps: A Meta-Analysis. John C. Nesbit e Olusola O. Adesope, 2006
- Learning with concept and knowledge maps: a meta-analysis. John C. Nesbit e Olusola O. Adesope, Review of Educational Research, 2006
- Learning With Concept and Knowledge Maps: A Meta-Analysis. John C. Nesbit e Olusola O. Adesope, Review of Educational Research, 2006 (versão do manuscrito, Zenodo)
- Learning With Flashcards. The Learning Scientists, 2023
- Learning With Retrieval-Based Concept Mapping. Janell R. Blunt e Jeffrey D. Karpicke, 2014
- Maintain an architecture decision record (ADR). Microsoft Azure Well-Architected Framework, Microsoft Learn, 2026
- Marking Text & Taking Notes while Reading. UNC Learning Center, 2017
- Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology, capítulo 3 (The Method of Investigation). Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1885; tradução de Henry A. Ruger e Clara E. Bussenius, 1913
- Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology, capítulo 7 (Retention and Obliviscence as a Function of the Time). Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1885; tradução de Henry A. Ruger e Clara E. Bussenius, 1913
- Migration. Bullet Journal (bulletjournal.com)
- Mind mapping. Biblioteca da Universidade de Hull (guia de anotação digital)
- Mind-mapping: a tool for eliciting and representing knowledge held by diverse informants. P. S. Meier e equipe MAGNET, Social Research Update, n. 52, University of Surrey, 2007
- MOCs (defn). LYT Kit, Linking Your Thinking
- Multimedia Learning Principles. The Ohio State University, College of Education and Human Ecology
- Naming files and folders. Imperial College London
- Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces. Microsoft Learn, 2024
- New to Bullet Journal? Start here! (seção sobre rapid logging). Bullet Journal, bulletjournal.com
- News release sobre The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard (Mueller e Oppenheimer, 2014). Association for Psychological Science, EurekAlert
- Niklas Luhmann Archive. Universidade de Bielefeld, Faculdade de Sociologia
- Niklas Luhmann: Theory as Passion. Cologne Center for eHumanities, Universität zu Köln
- Niklas-Luhmann-Archiv. Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Soziologie
- Note taking. Academic Resource Center, Harvard University, 2023
- Note-taking (Academic Skills Toolkit). UNSW Sydney
- Note-Taking Guide. Stanford Center for Teaching and Learning
- Note-Taking in Lectures (Academic Skills Kit). Newcastle University
- Note-Taking Skill Among Bilingual Students in Academia: Literacy, Language and Cognitive Examination. Mona Asaly-Zetawi e Orly Lipka, Frontiers in Psychology, 2019
- Note-taking with computers: Exploring alternative strategies for improved recall. Dung C. Bui, Joel Myerson e Sandra Hale, 2013
- Note-Taking: By Hand or Computer? (página que reproduz o resumo de Mueller e Oppenheimer, 2014). Center for Teaching and Learning, University of the Incarnate Word
- Note-Taking. Rinella Learning Center, Miami University
- Notes of Meetings. Martin Stanley (site sobre o serviço público britânico)
- One Hundred Years of Forgetting: A Quantitative Description of Retention. David C. Rubin e Amy E. Wenzel, 1996
- Organizing an Essay. Writing Advice, University of Toronto
- Organizing and Documenting Your Data. Research Data Management, VCU Libraries, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Outline method, em Note-taking: a Practical Guide. University of York Library, 2026
- Outsourcing Memory to External Tools: A Review of 'Intention Offloading'. Sam J. Gilbert, Annika Boldt, Chhavi Sachdeva, Chiara Scarampi e Pei-Chun Tsai, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2022
- Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words. Purdue OWL, Purdue University
- Plagiarism (handout). The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012
- Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. Purdue OWL, Purdue University
- Reading and note taking: preparation for study, seção sobre jottings, abreviações e símbolos. The Open University, OpenLearn
- Reading. Academic Resource Center, Harvard University, 2023
- Reflecting on Work Improves Job Performance. Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge (resumo do working paper de Gino, Pisano, Di Stefano e Staats)
- Reflection literature review. Employability Consultancy, University of Edinburgh (Reflection Toolkit), 2024
- Reflective Journals and Learning Logs. Northern Illinois University, CITL
- Replication and Analysis of Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve. Jaap M. J. Murre e Joeri Dros, 2015
- Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping. Jeffrey D. Karpicke e Janell R. Blunt, Science, 2011
- Retrieval Practice. Academic Resource Center, Duke University
- Reverse Outlines. Writing Center, University of Oklahoma
- Reverse Outlining. Howe Writing Center, Miami University
- Revising lecture notes: how revision, pauses, and partners affect note taking and achievement. Linlin Luo, Kenneth A. Kiewra e Lydia Samuelson, Instructional Science, 2016
- Second Brain Case Study: Building a Second Brain in Higher Education. Tiago Forte, Forte Labs, 2019
- Share and Compare. Academic Resource Center, Duke University
- Similarity matters: A meta-analysis of interleaved learning and its moderators (manuscrito aceito, Psychological Bulletin). Matthias Brunmair e Tobias Richter, 2019
- Spacing Effects in Learning: A Temporal Ridgeline of Optimal Retention. Nicholas J. Cepeda, Edward Vul, Doug Rohrer, John T. Wixted e Harold Pashler, 2008
- Strategies for notetaking in lectures (Effective Notetaking). Library, Sheffield Hallam University
- Structuring folders and directories. UK Data Service
- Study Guide Framework for Better Learning and Memory. University College, Arizona State University
- Studying 101: Study Smarter Not Harder. The Learning Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Successive Relearning: An Introduction and Guide for Educators. John Dunlosky, Maren Greve, Sabrina Badali, Kathryn T. Wissman e Katherine A. Rawson, 2023
- Summary: Using it Wisely. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012
- Take Note: Popular Study Method has 'Cornell' Written All Over It. Joe Wilensky, Cornellians (Cornell University), 2022
- Taking lecture notes on a laptop might not be bad after all (sobre Urry et al., 2021). British Psychological Society, Research Digest
- Taking Minutes at Meetings. Seeds for Change
- Taking Minutes for Meetings. Rutgers University, Human Resources
- Taking notes at University. University of St Andrews, Study skills
- Taxonomy 101: Definition, Best Practices, and How It Complements Other IA Work. Page Laubheimer, Nielsen Norman Group, 2022
- Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention. Henry L. Roediger III e Jeffrey D. Karpicke, 2006
- Textbook Reading Systems. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- The "Grinnell" Method. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
- The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. Atul Gawande, Metropolitan Books (Macmillan), direitos autorais de 2009 (página da edição de bolso, ISBN 9780312430009)
- The Cornell Method for Note-Taking. Learning Commons, University of Cincinnati
- The Cornell Note Taking System. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- The Cornell Note-taking System. Learning Strategies Center, Cornell University
- The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning. Jeffrey D. Karpicke e Henry L. Roediger III, 2008
- The Distributed Practice Effect on Classroom Learning: A Meta-Analytic Review of Applied Research. Rhys D. Mawson e Sean H. K. Kang, 2025
- The Effect of Abbreviation as a Note-taking Aid on the Reproduction/Reconstruction of Class Lectures. Mohammad Hoseyn Keshavarz e Mojhgan Ebrahimian, Literary Text Research, 2000
- The Effect of Folder Structure on Personal File Navigation. Ofer Bergman, Steve Whittaker, Mark Sanderson, Rafi Nachmias e Anand Ramamoorthy, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2010 (versão dos autores)
- The efficacy of the 'mind map' study technique. Paul Farrand, Fearzana Hussain e Enid Hennessy, Medical Education, 2002 (cópia hospedada em gwern.net)
- The Feynman Technique. A&S Academic Advising and Coaching, University of Colorado Boulder, 2020
- The PARA Method: The Simple System for Organizing Your Digital Life in Seconds. Tiago Forte, Forte Labs, 2023
- The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: registro de réplicas. FLoRA Replication Atlas, FORRT
- The Production Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon. Colin M. MacLeod, Nigel Gopie, Kathleen L. Hourihan, Karen R. Neary e Jason D. Ozubko, 2010
- The Project Fragmentation Problem in Personal Information Management. Ofer Bergman, Ruth Beyth-Marom e Rafi Nachmias, CHI 2006
- The role of working memory abilities in lecture note-taking. Dung C. Bui e Joel Myerson, 2014
- The Science of Managing Our Digital Stuff. Ofer Bergman e Steve Whittaker, MIT Press, 2016 (página em MIT Press Scholarship Online)
- The Science of Managing Our Digital Stuff. Ofer Bergman e Steve Whittaker, MIT Press, 2016 (página em Project MUSE)
- The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning. Doug Rohrer e Kelli Taylor, 2007 (cópia hospedada em gwern.net)
- The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them. Joseph D. Novak e Alberto J. Cañas, relatório técnico IHMC CmapTools 2006-01 (revisão de 2008), Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
- Time Management. Academic Resource Center, Harvard University, 2023
- Time Management. Student Academic Success Services, Queen's University
- Tip Sheet 12: Minute-Taking Tips and Techniques. Information and Privacy Office, York University
- Using abbreviations. The Open University (OU Help)
- Using Calendars and Planners. Northern Illinois University, CITL
- Using the outside world to save on brainpower (comunicado da Cell Press sobre Cognitive Offloading, de Risko e Gilbert, 2016). ScienceDaily, 2016
- Visão geral do método Building a Second Brain (página da Forte Labs). Tiago Forte, 2023
- Week 1: Reading skills for university study. The Open University, OpenLearn
- What are file naming conventions? Harvard Medical School, Research Data Management
- What is GTD? David Allen Company
- What is the Bullet Journal Method? Bullet Journal (bulletjournal.com), 2023
- What Limits the Encoding Effect of Note-Taking? A Meta-Analytic Examination. K. Kobayashi, 2005
- What? So what? Now what? Reflectors' Toolkit, University of Edinburgh
- Why is File Naming Important? UBC Library Research Commons, University of British Columbia
- Write less, learn more: note-taking shortcuts. University of Waterloo
Última atualização: 11 de novembro de 2026.